Nobel Price in Medicine for MicroRNA   10/07 06:12

   

   STOCKHOLM (AP) -- The Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine was awarded 
Monday to Americans Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun for their discovery of 
microRNA, tiny pieces of genetic material that alter how genes work at the 
cellular level and could lead to new ways of treating cancer.

   The Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute, which awarded the prize, 
said the duo's discovery is "proving to be fundamentally important" in 
understanding how organisms develop and function.

   MicroRNA have opened up scientists' approaches to treating diseases like 
cancer by helping to regulate how genes work at the cellular level, according 
to Dr. Claire Fletcher, a lecturer in molecular oncology at Imperial College 
London.

   Fletcher said microRNA provide genetic instructions to tell cells to make 
new proteins and that there were two main areas where microRNA could be 
helpful: in developing drugs to treat diseases and in serving as biomarkers.

   "MicroRNA alters how genes in the cell work," said Fletcher, who is an 
outside expert not associated with the Nobel prize.

   "If we take the example of cancer, we'll have a particular gene working 
overtime, it might be mutated and working in overdrive," she said. "We can take 
a microRNA that we know alters the activity of that gene and we can deliver 
that particular microRNA to cancer cells to stop that mutated gene from having 
its effect."

   Ambros performed the research that led to his prize at Harvard University. 
He is currently a professor of natural science at the University of 
Massachusetts Medical School. Ruvkun's research was performed at Massachusetts 
General Hospital and the Harvard Medical School, where he's a professor of 
genetics, said Thomas Perlmann, Secretary-General of the Nobel Committee.

   Perlmann said he spoke to Ruvkun by phone shortly before the announcement.

   "It took a long time before he came to the phone and sounded very tired, but 
he quite rapidly was quite excited and happy, when he understood what it was 
all about," Perlmann said.

   Last year, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine went to 
Hungarian-American Katalin Karik and American Drew Weissman for discoveries 
that enabled the creation of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 that were critical 
in slowing the pandemic.

   The prize carries a cash award of 11 million Swedish kronor ($1 million) 
from a bequest left by the prize's creator, Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel.

   The announcement launched this year's Nobel prizes award season.

   Nobel announcements continue with the physics prize on Tuesday, chemistry on 
Wednesday and literature on Thursday. The Nobel Peace Prize will be announced 
Friday and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences on Oct. 14.

   The laureates are invited to receive their awards at ceremonies on Dec. 10, 
the anniversary of Nobel's death.

   Fletcher said there are clinical trials ongoing to see how microRNA 
approaches might help treat skin cancer, but that there aren't yet any drug 
treatments approved by drug regulators. She expected that might happen in the 
next five to 10 years.

   She said microRNA represent another way of being able to control the 
behaviour of genes to treat and track various diseases.

   "The majority of therapies we have at the moment are targeting proteins in 
cells," she said. "If we can intervene at the microRNA level, it opens up a 
whole new way of us developing medicines and us controlling the activity of 
genes whose levels might be altered in diseases."